References

References for Chapter One

Riparian Ecosystems Section

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Ames, C. 1977. Wildlife conflicts in riparian management: grazing. Pages 49-51 in R. Johnson and D. Jones, (tech. coords.), Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM43, Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Anderson, B, Higgins, A. and R. Ohmart. 1977. Avian use of saltcedar communities in the lower Colorado River Valley. Pages. 128-136 in R. Johnson and D. Jones, (tech. coords.), Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM43, Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Anderson, B. W., and R. D. Ohmart. 1982. The influence of the interspersion of agriculture and natural habitats on wildlife in southern California and western Arizona. Final report, BOR, Lower Colorado Region, Boulder City, NV.

Arizona Department of Water Resources. 1994. Riparian Protection Program. Legislative draft report, Phoenix, AZ.

Arizona Game and Fish Department. 1993. Arizona elk management operational plan. Public review draft. Phoenix, AZ.

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Arizona State Parks Board. 1994b. Arizona wetlands priority plan. Arizona State Parks, Phoenix, AZ.

Armour, C. 1978. Effects of deteriorated range streams on trout. US Department of the Interior, BLM, Boise, ID.

Auble, G., Friedman, J. and M. L. Scott. 1994. Relating riparian vegetation to present and future streamflows. Ecol App 4:544-554.

Bahre, C. 1991. A legacy of change. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Behnke, R. 1978. Grazing and the riparian zone: impact on aquatic values. Pages 126-132 in Lowland river and stream habitat in Colorado:a symposium. Colorado Chapter of the Wildlife Society and Colorado Audubon Council, Greeley, CO.

_________ 1979. Values and protection of riparian ecosystems. Pages 164-167 in The mitigation symposium. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM65, Rocky Mt Forest Range Exper Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

_________, and R. F. Raleigh. 1978. Grazing and the riparian zone: impact and management perspectives. Pages 263-267 in R. Johnson and J. McCormick, (tech. coords.), Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep WO12, Washington, DC.

Beschta, R., and W. Platts. 1986. Morphological features of small streams: significance and function. Water Res Bull 22(3):369-379.

Betancourt, J., and R. Turner. 1991. Tucson's Santa Cruz River and the arroyo legacy. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Brown, B., and M. Trosset. 1989. Nesting-habitat relationships of riparian birds along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. SW Nat 34(2):260-270.

Carothers, S.. 1977. Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: an overview. Page 24 in R. Johnson and D. Jones, (tech. coords.), Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM43, Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Carothers, S., Johnson, R. and S.Aitchison. 1974. Population structure and social organization of Southwestern riparian birds. Am Zool 14:97-108.

Chadde, S. 1989. Willows and wildlife of the northern range, Yellowstone National Park. Pages 168-169 in R. Gresswell, Barton, B. and J. Kershner, (eds.), Practical approaches to riparian resource management:an educational workshop. BLM, Billings, MT.

Chaney, E., Elmore, W. and W. Platts. 1990. Livestock grazing in Western riparian areas. Rep. US EPA, Reg. 8, Denver, CO.

Clarkson, R., and Wilson, J. 1991. Evaluation of the US Forest Service fish habitat relationships system in eastcentral Arizona trout streams. AGFD. Tech. Rep. No. 8. Phoenix, AZ.

Clifton, C. 1989. Effects of vegetation and land use on channel morphology. Pages 121-129 in R. Gresswell, Barton,B. and J. Kershner (eds.), Practical approaches to riparian resource management:an educational workshop. BLM, Billings, MT.

Conine, K., Anderson, B., Ohmart, R. and G. F. Drake. 1978. Response of riparian species to agricultural habitat conversion. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep WO12:248-262.

Conrad, B. 1982. Community dynamics of old fields in the Sonoran Desert. MS thesis, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Cottam, W. and F. Evans. 1945. A comparative study of the vegetation of grazed and ungrazed canyons of the Wasatch Range, Utah. Ecol 26(2):171-181.

Croft, A., Woodward, L. and D. Anderson. 1943. Measurements of accelerated erosion on rangewatershed land. J Forest 41:112-116.

Dahlem, E. 1979. The Mahogany Creek watershed--with and without grazing. Pages 31-34 in O. Cope (ed.), Forum--grazing and riparian/stream ecosystems. Trout Unlimited, Inc.

Davis, G. 1977. Management alternatives for the riparian habitat in the Southwest. Pages 59-67 in R. Johnson and D. Jones (tech. coords.), Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat:a symposium. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM43, Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Elmore, W. 1992. Riparian responses to grazing practices. Pages 442-457 in R. Naiman (ed.), Watershed management:balancing sustainability and environmental change. Springer Verlag, New York, NY.

Elmore, W., and R. Beschta. 1987. Riparian areas: perceptions in management. Rangelands 9(6):260-265.

Fenner, P., Brady, W. and D. Patton. 1985. Effects of regulated water flows on regeneration of Fremont cottonwood. J Range Mgmt 38:135-138.

Gabriel, I., and D. Patten. 1990. Impact of industrial air pollutants on a semiarid ecosystem. International Conference on Metals in Soils, Water, Plants, and Animals. April, Orlando, FL.

General Accounting Office (GAO). 1988. Public rangelands:some riparian areas restored but widespread improvement will be slow. GAO/RCED88105. US GAO, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, Washington, DC.

General Accounting Office (GAO). 1992. Response to Congressional Requesters. Rangeland management:assessment of Nevada consulting firm's critique of three GAO reports. GAO/RCED92178R. US GAO, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, Washington, DC.

Goodman, T., Donart, D. Kiesling, H. et al. 1989. Cattle behavior with emphasis on time and activity allocations between upland and riparian habitats. Pages 95-102 in R. Gresswell, Barton, B. and J. Kersher (eds.), Practical approaches to riparian resource management:an educational workshop. BLM, Billings, MT.

Graf, W. 1983. Floodrelated change in an arid region river. Earth Surf Proc Lndfms 8:125- 139.

Graf, W. (ed.). 1988. The Salt and Gila Rivers in central Arizona:a geographic field trip guide. Department of Geography Publ. 3:1180. ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Hastings, J., and R. Turner. 1965. The changing mile. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Harris, D. 1966. Recent plant invasions in the arid and semiarid Southwest of the United States. Ann Assoc Am Geog 56:408-422.

Higgins, A., and R. Ohmart. 1981. Riparian habitat analysis. Tonto National Forest. USDA FS, SW Reg, Albuquerque, NM.

Horning, J. 1994. Grazing to extinction:endangered, threatened and candidate species imperiled by livestock grazing on Western public lands. Natl Wldlf Fed, Washington, DC.

Horton, J. 1964. Notes on the introduction of the deciduous tamarisk. USDA FS Res Note RM16, Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Houston, D. 1982. The northern Yellowstone elk:ecology and management. MacMillan, New York, NY.

Hunter, W., Anderson, B. and R. Ohmart. 1987. Avian community structure changes in a mature floodplain forest after extensive flooding. J Wldlf Mgmt 51:493-500.

Hunter, W., Ohmart, R. and B. Anderson. 1988. Use of exotic saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) by birds in arid riparian systems. Condor 90:113-123.

Judd, J., Laughlin, J., Guenter, H. and R. Handergrade. 1971. The lethal decline of the mesquite on the Casa Grande National Monument. Gr Bas Nat 31:153-159.

Karpisak, M. 1981. Recovery of abandoned fields in southern Arizona. Ph.D. dissertation, UA, Tucson, AZ.

Krueper, D. 1993. Effects of land use practices on Western riparian ecosystems. Pages 321- 330 in D. Finch and P. Stengel (eds.), Status and management of neotropical migratory birds. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM229, Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Land, E. 1934. Reminiscences. Manuscript in Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society, Tucson, AZ.

Long, B., and R. Peck. 1988. Assessment of water resource conditions in support of instream flow water rights, Bill Williams River, Arizona. US BLM, Phoenix, AZ.

McNatt, R., Hallock, R. and A. Anderson. 1980. Riparian habitat and instream flow studies Lower Verde River, Fort McDowell Reservation, AZ. US FWS, Albuquerque, NM.

Meyers, L. 1989. Grazing and riparian management in southwestern Montana. Pages 117- 120 in R. Gresswell, Barton, B. and J. Kersher (eds.), Practical approaches to riparian resource management:an educational workshop. US BLM, Billings, MT.

Nilsson, C. 1982. Effects of stream regulation on riparian vegetation. Pages 93-106 in A. Lillehammer and S. Saltveit (eds.), Regulated Rivers. Columbia University Press, New York.

Ohmart, R., Deason, W. and C. Burke. 1977. A riparian case history:the Colorado River. Pages 35-47 in R. Johnson and D. Jones, (tech. coords.), Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM43, Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Ohmart, R., Anderson, B. and W. Hunter. 1988. The ecology of the Lower Colorado River from Davis Dam to the Mexico-United States international boundary:a community profile. US FWS Biol. Rep 85(7.19):12-96.

Patten, D. 1989. Effects of phased highway improvements, browsing and moisture stress on the riparian ecosystem along the Upper Gallatin River, Montana. Page 185 in R. Gresswell, Barton, B. and J. Kersher (eds.), Practical approaches to riparian resource management:an educational workshop. US BLM, Billings, MT.

Platts, W. 1981. Sheep and cattle grazing strategies in riparian stream environments. Pages 82-92 in Proceedings, wildlife-livestock relationships symposium. Forest Range Exp Sta, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.

________ and R. Nelson. 1985. A stream habitat and fisheries response to livestock grazing and instream improvement structures, Big Creek, Utah. J Soil Water Cons 40(4):374-379.

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Robinson, T. W. 1965. Introduction, spread, and areal extent of saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) in Western states. USGS Prof Paper 491A.

Rosenberg, K., Ohmart, R., Hunter, W. and B. Anderson. 1991. Birds of the lower Colorado River Valley. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Skovlin, J. 1984. Impacts of grazing on wetlands and riparian habitat: a review of our knowledge. In Developing strategies for rangeland management. NRC/NAS, Washington, DC.

Sommerfeld, M., and F. Amalfi. 1991. Use of biotoxicity tests for estimating impact of stormwaters on aquatic life. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 1991.

Stromberg, J. 1993a. Fremont cottonwood-Goodding willow riparian forests:a review of their ecology, threats, and recovery potential. J AZ NV Acad. Sci 27:97-110.

__________ 1993b. Riparian mesquite forests:a review of their ecology, threats and recovery potential. J AZ NV Acad. Sci 27:111-124.

__________ and D. Patten. 1990. Riparian vegetation instream flow requirements:a case study from a diverted stream in the eastern Sierra Nevada, CA. Envir Mgmt 14:185-194.

__________, Patten, D. and B. Richter. 1991. Flood flows and dynamics of Sonoran riparian forests. Rivers 2: 221-235.

__________, Sommerfeld, M., Patten, D. et al. 1993. Release of effluent into the Upper Santa Cruz, souther Arizona: ecological considerations. Pages 81-92 in Proceedings of the symposium on effluent management. American Water Resources Association,Tucson, AZ.

__________, Tress, J., Wilkins, S. and S. Clark. 1992. Response of velvet mesquite to groundwater decline. J Arid Envir 23:45-58.

__________, Wilkins, S. and J. A. Tress. 1993. Vegetation-hydrology models as management tools for velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) riparian ecosystems. Ecol Appl 3:307-314.

Sullivan, M. 1991. Heavy metal concentration in riparian vegetation exposed to wastewater effluent. MS thesis, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Turner, B. 1983. Recreational impacts on riparian vegetation along the Lower Salt River. MS Thesis, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

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Valencia, R., Wennerlund, J., Winstead, R. et al. 1993. Arizona riparian inventory and mapping project. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ.

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Woods, C., and T. Nash III 1976. Copper smelter effluence effects on Sonoran Desert vegetation. Ecol 57:1311-1316.

Lakes Ecosystems Section

American Water Works Association. 1987. Current methodology for the control of algae in reservoirs. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, CO.

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. 1988. Internal Memo from S. Ellingson to J. Bale regarding Elevated Selenium Levels in Lake Powell Fish Tissue, Reference AWQU525.090, August 11, Phoenix, AZ.

__________ 1989. Radionuclides in Groundwater and Their Occurrence in Arizona. Presented at the Arizona Hydrological Society Annual Symposium, Water Quality and Water Quantity, Issues into the 1990s Adaptation to Current Realities. Casa Grande, AZ. Sept 14- 16.

__________ 1994. Draft 305(b) water quality assessment report. Phoenix, AZ.

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Bormann, F., Likens, G., Fisher, D., and R.S. Pierce. 1969. Nutrient loss accelerated by clearcutting of a forest ecosystem. Sci 159:882-884.

Burgis, M. and P. Morris. 1987. The natural history of lakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Carmichael, W., Jones, C., Mahmoud, N. and W. Theiss. 1985. Algal toxins and water-based diseases. Crit Rev Environ Contr 15: 275-313.

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Collingwood, R. 1977. A survey of eutrophication in Britain and its effects on water supplies. Tech. Rpt. 40. Water Research Center.

Cook, D. and M. Johnson. 1974. Benthic macroinvertebrates of the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes. J Fish Res. Bd. Canada 31: 763-782.

Cooke, G. and R. Carlson. 1989. Reservoir management for water quality and THM precursor control. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, CO.

Cooke, G., Welch, E., Peterson, S. and P. Newroth. 1993. Restoration and management of lakes and reservoirs. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

Earth Technology Corporation. 1993. Lower/Middle Gila River Study and Painted Rocks Lake Phase I Diagnostic/Feasibility Study, Maricopa County Arizona, Phoenix, AZ.

Fredriksen, R. and R. Harr. 1979. Soil, vegetation and watershed management of the Douglas fir region. Pages 231-260 in P. Heilman, Anderson, H., and D. Baumgartner (eds.), Forest soils of the douglas fir region. Washington State University Cooperative Extension, Pullman, WA.

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Gregory, S., Lamberti, G., Erman, D., et al. 1987. Influence of forest practices on aquatic production. Pages 234-255 in Salo, E. and T. Cundy (eds.), Streamside management:Forestry and fishery interactions. Proceedings of Symposium. University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

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_________ 1969. Eutrophication past and present. Pages 17-26 in Eutrophication:Causes, consequences, correctives. NAS, Washington DC.

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_________ 1975. The stream and its valley. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnologie 19: 115.

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Omernik, J. 1977. Nonpoint source-stream nutrient level relationships:A nationwide study. EPA 600/377105, Washington, DC.

Palmstrom, N., Carlson, R. and G. Cooke. 1988. Potential links between eutrophication and the formation of carcinogens in drinking water. Lake Res Mgmt 4:115.

Petts, G. 1984. Impounded rivers:Perspectives for ecological management. John Wiley and Sons, London, UK.

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Salt River Project. 1989. Arizona Canal Urban Runoff Study:1988/1989 Program Report. June, Phoenix, AZ.

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Tomlinson, T. 1971. Nutrient losses from agricultural lands. Outlook on Ag 6: 272-278.

Turner, D. 1971. Dams and ecology. Civ Eng 41:76-80.

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__________ 1990. National Water Quality Inventory. 1988 Report to Congress. EPA 440/ 49000. Washington DC.

__________ 1991. Monitoring guidelines to evaluate effects of forestry activities on streams in the pacific northwest and Alaska. EPA 910/991001. Washington DC.

__________ 1993. Fish and fisheries management in lakes and reservoir. EPA841R93002. Washington DC.

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US Geological Survey. 1988. Reconnaissance Investigation of Water Quality, Bottom Sediment, and Biota Associated with Irrigation Drainage in the Lower Colorado River Valley, Arizona, California, and Nevada, 1986-87. Water Resources Investigation Report 884002. Washington DC.

__________ 1989. Preliminary Assessment of Sources, Distribution, and Mobility of Selenium in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Water Resources Investigation Report 884186. Washington DC.

Wanielista, M. 1978. Stormwater management, quantity and quality. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI.

Warnick S. and H. Bell. 1969. The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different species of aquatic insects. J Water Poll Contr Fed 41: 280-284.

Warwick, W. 1980a. Palaeolimnology of the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario:2800 years of cultural influence. Can Bull Fish Aquat Sci. 206: 11-18.

_________ . 1980b. Chironomidae (Diptera) responses to 2800 years of cultural influence;a palaeolimnological study with special reference to sedimentation, eutrophication, and contamination processes. Can Entomol 112:1193-1238.

Welch, E. and T. Lindell. 1992. Ecological effects of wastewater, applied limnology and pollutant effects.

Wetzel, R. 1975. Limnology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.

Williamson, M., and R. Parnell, Jr. 1994. Partitioning of Copper and Zinc in the Sediments and Porewaters of a High-Elevation Alkaline Lake, East Central Arizona, USA. Appl Geochem 9:597-608.

Wood, K. 1973. Decline of Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera) nymphs in western Lake Erie. Pages 26-32 in W. Peters and J. Peters (eds.), Proceedings of the first international conference on Ephemeroptera. E.J. Brill, Leiden, NE.

Wurtz, C. 1969. The effects of heated discharges on freshwater benthos. Pages 199-213 in P. Krenkel and F. Parker (ed.), Biological aspects of thermal pollution. Proceedings of the national symposium on thermal pollution, Portland, OR, June 35, 1968. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, TN.

Streams and Rivers Ecosystems Section

Arizona Bureau of Mines. 1969. Mineral and water resources of Arizona. Prepared by USGS, ABM and USBOR. ABM Bull 180.

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. 1992. Arizona water quality assessment 1992. ADEQ, Phoenix, AZ.

________. 1994. Water Quality Assessment for 1994. Draft report, ADEQ, Phoenix, AZ.

Arizona Game and Fish Department. 1988. Threatened native wildlife in Arizona. AGFD, Phoenix, AZ.

________. (various dates). Unpublished files of water quality laboratory. AGFD, Phoenix, AZ.

Armour, C., Duff, D. and W. Elmore. 1991. The effects of livestock grazing on riparian and stream ecosystems. Fisheries 16:711.

Bahre, C. 1991. A Legacy of Change. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Betancourt, J. and R. Turner. 1991. Tucson's Santa Cruz River and the Arroyo Legacy. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Blinn, D., Runck, C., Clark, A. and J. Rinne. 1993. Effects of rainbow trout predation on Little Colorado spinedace. Trans. AFS 122:139-143.

Brown, D. (ed.). 1994. Biotic Communities: Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. UUT Press, Salt Lake City, UT.

Boulton, A., Valett, H. and S. Fisher. 1992. Spatial distribution and taxonomic composition of the hyporheos of several Sonoran Desert streams. Arch Hydrobiol 125:37-61.

Carothers, S. and B. Brown. 1991. The Colorado River through Grand Canyon: Natural History and Human Change. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Chamberlain, F. 1904. Arizona Field Notes. Unpublished, handwritten notes on file at the Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC.

Chaney, E., Elmore, W. and W. Platts. 1993. Managing change: livestock grazing on western riparian areas. NW Res Info Ctr, Inc report to US EPA, Denver, CO.

Corle, E. 1951. The Gila River of the Southwest. UNE Press, Lincoln, NE.

Courtenay, W., Jr. 1990. Fish introductions and translocations, and their impacts in Australia. Pages 171-179 in D. Pollard (ed.), Proceedings of the Australian Society for Fish Biology's workshop on introduced and translocated fishes and their effects. Magnetic Island, Townsville, Aug., 1989. Bur Rur Res S Aust Gov Pub Ser, Canberra.

________ and J. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.). 1984. Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes. Johns Hopkins U Press, Baltimore, MD.

Crandall, D., Mutz, R. and L. Lautrup. 1984. The effects of hydrologic modifications on aquatic biota, stream hydrology and water quality: A literature review. IL EPA, Div Water Poll Cont, Springfield, IL.

Croxen, F. 1926. History of grazing on Tonto. Presentation to Tonto Grazing Conference, Phoenix, AZ, November 4-5, 1926. Ms on file at AGFD, Phoenix, AZ.

Dill, W. 1944. The fishery of the lower Colorado River. CA Fish Game 30:109-211.

Dobyns, H. 1981. From fire to flood: historic human destruction of Sonoran Desert riverine oases. Ballena Press Anthropol Pap. No. 20.

Fisher, S. 1986. Structure and dynamics of desert streams. Pages 119-139 in W. Whitford (ed.), Pattern and Process in Desert Ecosystems. UNM Press, Albuquerque, NM.

Follett, R. and J. Wilson. 1969. Pollution of Lynx Lake by drainage from the abandoned Sheldon Mine. ADHS, Phoenix, AZ.

Fradkin, P. 1984. A River No More: The Colorado River and the West. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Furniss, M. , Roelofs, T. and C. Yee. 1991. Road construction and maintenance. Pages 297- 323 in W. Meehan (ed.), Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and their Habitats. Spec Pub 19. AFS, Bethesda, MD.

Grabowski, S, Hiebert, S. and D. Lieberman. 1984. Potential for introduction of three species of non-native fishes into central Arizona via the Central Arizona Project: A literature review and analysis. USBOR, Res Eng Ctr Rep RECERC847.

Graf, W. 1983. Flood related change in an arid river. Earth Surf Proc Landforms 8: 125-139.

Hale, S., Retes, F. and T. VanDevender. 1976. New populations of Rana tarahumarae (Tarahumara frog) in Arizona. J AZ Acad Sci 11:134-135.

Hastings, J. 1959. Vegetation change and arroyo cutting in southeastern Arizona. J. AZ Acad Sci 1:60-67.

________ and R. Turner. 1965. The Changing Mile. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Hendrickson, D. and W. Minckley. 1985. Cienegas-vanishing climax communities of the American Southwest. Desert Plants 6(2):131-175 + cover photos.

Herbold, B. and P. Moyle. 1986. Introduced species and vacant niches. Amer Nat 128:751- 760.

Hershler, R. 1994. A review of the North American freshwater snail genus Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae). Smithsonian Contr Zool 554:11-15.

Humphry, R. 1987. Ninety Years and 535 Miles: Vegetation Changes Along the Mexican Border. UNM Press, Albuquerque, NM.

Hynes, H. 1975. The stream and its valley. Verh Internat Verein Limnol 19: 115.

Jackson, W., Martinez, T., Cuplin, P. et al. 1988. Assessment of water conditions and management opportunities in support of riparian values: BLM San Pedro Properties, Arizona. US BLM, Denver Svc Ctr, US Govt Print Off, Washington, DC.

Kepner, W. 1988. San Bernadino National Wildlife Refuge Contaminant Study. Final Rpt, USFWS Ecol Ser , Phoenix, AZ.

Kynard, B. 1979. Study of Quitobaquito pupfish preservation, habitat, and population monitoring. Rept USNPS, Organ Pipe Cactus Nat Mon Coop Fish Unit, UA, Tucson, AZ.

Lewis, M. 1977. Influence of an openpit copper mine on the ecology of an upper Sonoran intermittent stream. Ph.D. Diss, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

________ and R. Burraychak. 1979. Impact of copper mining on a desert intermittent stream in central Arizona: A summary. J AZ-NV Acad Sci 14:22-29.

Lindgren, W. 1975. The copper deposits of the Clifton-Morenci district, Arizona. USGS Prof Pap 43.

Marsh, P. and D. Langhorst. 1988. Feeding and fate of wild larval razorback suckers. Environ Biol Fishes 21:59-67.

________ and J. Brooks. 1989. Predation by ictalurid catfishes as a deterrent to re- estabishment of introduced razorback suckers. SW Nat 34:188-195.

________ , Brooks, J., Hendrickson, D. and W. Minckley. 1991. Fishes of Eagle Creek, Arizona, with records for threatened spikedace and loach minnow (Cyprinidae). J AZ-NV Acad Sci 23(2):107-116.

Meffe, G. 1983. Ecology of species replacement in Sonoran topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis) and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in Arizona. Ph.D. Diss, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

________ . 1985. Predation and species replacement in American southwestern fishes: A case study. SW Nat 30: 173187.

________ , Hendrickon, D., Minckley, W. and J. Rinne. 1982. Factors resulting in the decline of the endangered Sonoran topminnow (Atheriniformes: Poeciliidae) in the United States. Biol Cons 25:135-159.

Miller, R. 1946. The need for ichthyological surveys of the major rivers of western North America. Sci 104:517-519.

________ . 1961. Man and the changing fish fauna of the American Southwest. Pap MI Acad Sci Arts Lett 46:365-404.

________ . 1972. Threatened freshwater fishes of the United States. Trans AFS 101:239- 252.

________ , Williams, J. and J. Williams. 1989. Extinction in North America fishes during the past century. Fisheries 14: 22-29, 31-38.

Minckley, W. 1965. Native fishes as natural resources. Pages. 4860 in J. Gardner, (ed.), Native Plants and Animals as Resources in Arid Lands of the Southwestern United States. Contr 8, Comm Arid Lands, AAAS, Tucson, AZ.

________ . 1973. Fishes of Arizona. AGFD, Phoenix, AZ.

________ . 1979. Aquatic habitats and fishes of the lower Colorado River, southwestern United States. Rpt USBOR, Boulder City, NV, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

________ . 1981. Ecological studies of Aravaipa Creek and environs, central Arizona, relative to past, present and future uses. USBLM Contract YA512CT598. ASU, Tempe, AZ.

________ . 1982. Trophic interrelations among introduced fishes in the lower Colorado River, southwestern United States. CA Fish Game 68: 78-89.

________ . 1985. Native fishes and natural aquatic habitats of US Fish and Wildlife Service Region II, west of the Continental Divide. Rpt USFWS ASU Interag Pers Act Agrmt, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

________ . 1991a. Native fishes of the Grand Canyon region: an obituary? Pages 124-177 in Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management. Proceedings of a Symposium, May 24-25, 1990, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Nat Acad Press, Washington, DC.

________ . 1991b. Native fishes in arid lands: A dwindling resource of the desert southwest. USDA FS, Gen Tech Rept RM206: 1-45 & cover photos.

________ and D. Brown. 1994. Part 6.Wetlands. Pages 223-287, 333-341 in D. Brown, (ed.), Biotic Communities: Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. UUT Press, Salt Lake City, UT.

________ and J. Deacon. 1968. Southwestern fishes and the enigma of "endangered species." Sci 159:1424-1432.

________ and ________ . (eds.). 1991. Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

________ , Meffe, G. and D. Soltz. 1991. Conservation and management of short lived fishes: Examples from the cyprinodontoids. Pages 247-282 in W. Minckley and J. Deacon, eds., Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

________ , Rinne, J. and J. Johnson. 1977. Status of the Gila topminnow and its co- occurrence with mosquitofish. USFS Res Pap RM198:1-8.

________ and Sommerfeld, M. 1979. Resource inventory for the Gila River complex, eastern Arizona. USBLM, Safford, AZ, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Moyle, P. , Li, H. and B. Barton. 1986. The Frankenstein effect: Impact of introduced fishes on native fishes in North America. Pages 415-426 in R. Stroud (ed.), Fish Culture in Fisheries Management. AFS, Bethesda, MD.

Mullholand, P. and J. Watts. 1982. Transport of organic carbon to the oceans by rivers of North America: A synthesis of existing data. Tellus 34: 176-186.

National Research Council. 1991. Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management. Proceedings of a Symposium. May 24-25, 1990, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC.

________ . 1992. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems. Committee on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems, Science, Technology, and Public Policy. Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC.

Ohmart, R., Anderson, B. and W. Hunter. 1988. The ecology of the Lower Colorado River from Davis Dam to the Mexico-United States international boundary: a community profile. US FWS Biol Rep 85(7.19):12-96.

Petts, G. 1984. Impounded Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

Platts, W. 1991. Livestock grazing. Pages 389-423 in W. Meehan (ed.), Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and their Habitats. Spec Publ 19, AFS, Bethesda, MD.

Rampe, J. , Jackson, R. and M. Sommerfeld. 1981. Physicochemistry of the upper Gila River watershed: I. San Francisco River and Clifton Hot Springs. J AZ-NV Acad Sci 16:16.

Rea, A. 1983. Once a River: Bird Life and Habitat Changes on the Middle Gila. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Rinne, J. 1990. The utility of stream habitat and biota for identifying potential conflicting forest land uses: Montane riparian areas. For Ecol Mgmt 33/34:363-383.

________ and A. Medina. 1989. Factors influencing salmonid populations in six headwater streams, central Arizona, USA. Polski Arch Hydrobiol 35:515-532.

________ and P. Turner. 1991. Reclamation and alteration as management techniques, and a review of methodology in stream renovation. Pages 219-244 in W. Minckley and J. Deacon (eds.), Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Ross, S. 1991. Mechanisms structuring stream fish assemblages: Are there lessons from introduced species? Environ Biol Fishes 30:359-368.

Schumm, S. 1977. The Fluvial System. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

Seery, D. 1993. Biological Evaluation: Soil Conservation Service emergency watershed protection-Gila River from the Arizona/New Mexico border down to Geronimo, Arizona. US SCS, Phoenix, AZ.

Szaro, R., Belfit, S., Aitkin, J. and J. Rinne. 1985. A preliminary study on the impact of grazing on a riparian garter snake. USFS Gen Tech Rpt RM120:359-363.

Turner, R. and M. Karpiscak. 1980. Recent vegetation changes along the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead, Arizona. USGS Prof Pap 1132. US Gov . Print Off, Washington, DC.

US Bureau of Reclamation. 1989. Conservation measures for Glen Canyon Dam. Memorandum with enclosure from US BOR Upper Colorado Region Director R. Robison to US FWS Reg 2 Dir. M. Spear.

________ . 1994. Draft Environmental Impact Statement for operation of Glen Canyon Dam. US BOR, Salt Lake City, UT.

US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994a. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. USFWS Inform Res Mgmt Lib Serv, Washington, DC.

________ . 1994b. Biological opinion on operation of the Central Arizona Project. USFWS Ecol Serv Off, Phoenix, AZ.

Valencia, R., Wennerlund, J., Winstead, R. et al. 1993. Arizona riparian inventory and mapping project. AGFD, Phoenix, AZ.

Ward, J. and J. Stanford. 1979. The Ecology of Regulated Streams. Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Williams, J., Bowman, D., Brooks, J. et al. 1985. Endangered aquatic ecosystems in North American deserts, with a list of vanishing fishes of the region. J AZ-NV Acad Sci 20:1-62.

Woolf, J. 1989. Is the big drop in squawfish tied to the Yampa oil spill? It's possible, say experts. Salt Lake Tribune, B1, 7. Salt Lake City, UT. November.

References for Chapter Two

Woodlands and Shrublands Ecosystems Section

Aber, J., Nadelhoffer, K., Steudler, P. and J. Melillo. 1989. Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems. Biosci 39:378-386.

Aldon, E. and H. Brown. 1971. Geologic soil groupings for the Pinyon-juniper type on National Forests in New Mexico. USDA Res Note RM197, USDA Forest Ser, Fort Collins, CO.

Arnold, J., Jameson, D. and E. Reid. 1964. The pinyon-juniper type in Arizona: Effects of grazing, fire, and tree control. USDA Prod Res Rep 84. Washington, DC.

Baxter, C. 1977. A comparison between grazed and ungrazed pinyon- juniper woodlands. Pages 25-27 in E. Aldon and T. Loring (tech. coords.) Ecology, uses, and management of pinyon-juniper woodlands: Proc Workshop. USDA Forest Service. Gen Tech Rep RM39. Fort Collins, CO.

Bennet, D. 1992. Fuelwood extraction in southeast Arizona. Pages 96-97 in Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands:Perspectives in the southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM218. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Betancourt, J. 1987. Paleoecology of pinyon-juniper woodlands:a summary. Pages 129-139 in Proceedings Pinyon-Juniper Conference. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep INT215. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

________ , Pierson, E., Aasen Rylander, K., Fairchild-Parks, J. and J. Dean. 1993. Influence of history and climate on New Mexico pinon-juniper woodlands. Pages 42-62 in E. Aldon and D. Shaw (tech. coords.) Managing pinon-juniper ecosystems for sustainability and social needs. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM236. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Beymer, R. and J. Klopatek. 1992. Effect of grazing on cryptogamic crusts in Pinyon-juniper woodlands in Grand Canyon National Park. Amer Mid Nat 127:139-148.

Blaisedale, J. and R. Holmgren. 1984. Managing intermountain rangeland-salt desert shrub ranges. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep INT163. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

Bowns, J. and N. West. 1976. Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) on southwestern Utah rangelands. Utah State U. Ag Exp Sta Res Rep 27.

Boykin, M. 1993. Floristics and elemental concentrations of lichens from Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. MS. Thesis, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Breshears, D. 1993. Spatial partitioning of water use by herbaceous and woody lifeforms in semiarid woodlands. Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State U., Fort Collins, CO.

Brown, D. 1982. Madrean evergreen woodland. Pages 59-65 in Biotic communities of the American Southwest United States and Mexico. D. Brown (ed.), Desert Plants 4:14.

Clary, W. 1971. Effects of Utah juniper removal on herbage yields from Springerville soils. J Range Mgmt 24:373-378.

________ , Baker, M. Jr., O'Connel, P. et al. 1974. Effects of pinyon-juniper removal on natural resource products and uses in Arizona. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM128. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

________ , and D. Jameson. 1981. Herbage production following tree and shrub removal in the Pinyon-juniper type of Arizona. J Range Mgmt 34:109-113.

Coe, C. and J. Klopatek. 1987. Mycorrhizae, microbes, and nutrient cycling processes in Pinyon-juniper ecosystems. Pages 360-364 in Proceedings Pinyon-juniper Conference. [Reno, NV; 1316 Jan. 1986]. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep INT215. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

Coe, C. and J. Klopatek. 1983. Mycorrhizae in reclaimed soils. Pages 399-405 in 1983 Symposium on Surface Mining, Hydrology, Sedimentology and Reclamation. U Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Coe, C., DeBano, L. and J. Klopatek. 1988. Effect of simulated fire on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in pinyon-juniper woodland soils. Plant and Soil 109:245-249.

________ , ________ , and ________. 1990. The effects of fire on microbial processes in Pinyon-juniper woodlands: Management implications. Pages 197-205 in Effects of Fire Management of Southwestern Natural Resources. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM191. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Coe, C., Murphy, K., Rosen, J. et al. Preliminary results of decomposition and cellulose degradation along an environmental gradient in northern Arizona. Proceedings of a Conference on Pinyon-juniper ecosystems in Arizona. USDA FS, In Press.

Conner, R., Born, J., Green, A. and R. O'Brien. 1990. Forest resources of Arizona. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep INT69. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

Dawson, J., and T. Nash III. 1980. Effects of air pollution from copper smelters on a desert grassland community. Environ and Experi Bot 20:61-72.

DeBano, L. 1992. Effect of fire on the soil resource in Arizona chaparral. In Effects of Fire Management of Southwestern Natural Resources. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM191. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

________ and J.M. Klopatek. 1988. Effect of management strategies on nutrient dynamics in southwestern pinyon-juniper woodlands. Pages 281-285 in USDA FS Conference on Subalpine Forests in the Rocky Mountain West. Fort Collins, CO.

Dwyer, D. 1977. History of use and abuse of the Navajo Indian reservation. A report prepared for Rodey, Sloan, Akin, and Robb. P.A.

Espey, Huston, and Associates. 1980. Vegetation and Wildlife of the Black Mesa and Kayenta mine sites. Doc 8071. Denver, CO.

Ffolliot, P., and D. Thorud. 1974. Vegetation management for increased water yield in Arizona. Ag Exp Sta Tech Bull 215. UA, Tucson, AZ.

Goodloe, S. 1993. The Pinyon-juniper invasion:an inevitable disaster. Pages 153-154 in E. Aldon and D. Shaw (tech. coords.), Managing pinon-juniper ecosystems for sustainability and social needs. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM236. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission. 1992. Working Doc, GCVTC, Grand Canyon, AZ.

Grier, C., Elliot, K. and D. McCullough. 1992. Biomass distribution and productivity of Pinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma woodlands of northcentral Arizona. Forest Ecol Mgmt 50:331- 350.

Jameson, D. 1967. The relationship of tree overstory and herbaceous understory vegetation. J Range Mgmt 20:247-249.

________ , Williams, J. and E. Wilton. 1962. Vegetation and soils of Fishtail Mesa, Arizona. Ecol 43:403-410.

Jeffries, D. and J. Klopatek. 1987. Effect of grazing on the blackbrush association and soils. J Range Mgmt 40:390-392.

Karr, J.R., Fausch, D., Angermeir, P. et al. 1986. Assessing biological integrity in running waters:a method and its rationale. Spec Publ 5. IL Nat Hist Surv, Champaign, IL.

Klopatek, J. 1987. Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in mineral soils of pinyon-juniper ecosystems. Soil Sci Soc Amer J 51:453-457.

________ . 1992. Cryptogamic crusts as indicators of disturbance in semi-arid landscapes. Pages 773-786 in D. McKenzie and J. McDonald (eds.), Ecological Indicators. Vol. 1.. Elsevier Science, Brisbane, UK.

Knapp, C., Marmorek, D., Baker, J. et al. 1992. The indicator development strategy for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. USEPA, Off Res and Dev. Corvallis, OR.

Kuchler, A. 1970. Potential natural vegetation (map 1:7,500.00). Pages 90-91 in The National Atlas of the USA. US Gov Print Off, Washington, DC.

Lavin, F. and T. Johnsen, Jr. 1977. Planting site classification and longtime species adaptation in the Pinyon-juniper woodland. USDA Ag Res Serv ARS W45. Berkeley, CA.

Longstreth, D. , and D. Patten. 1974. Conversion of chaparral to grass in central Arizona:Effects on selected ions in watershed runoff. Amer Midl Nat 93:311-319.

MacMahon, J. 1985. Deserts. The Audubon Society nature guides. Random House, NY.

McClain, W. 1988. Arizona's 1984 fuelwood harvest. USDAFS Res Bull INT57. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

McCulloch, C. 1973. Control of Pinyon-juniper as a deer management measure in Arizona. Final Rep. Wildlife in Arizona Proj. W78R, Phoenix, AZ.

McPherson, G. 1992. Ecology of oak woodlands in Arizona. Pages 24-33 in Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands:Perspectives in the southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM218. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Meeuwig, R., and J. Budy. 1979. Pinyon growth characteristics in the Sweetwater Mountains. USDA FS Res Bull INT227. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

Nash, T. III, and M. Sommerfeld. 1979. Elemental concentrations in lichens in the area of the Four Corners power plant in New Mexico. Environ and Exper Bot 21:153-162.

National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP). 1992. NADP/NTN annual data summary. Precipitation chemistry in the United States. 1991. Nat Res Ecol Lab, Colorado State U, Fort Collins, CO.

National Research Council (NRC ). 1991. Re-thinking the ozone problem in urban and regional pollution. National Academy Press. Washington, DC.

Nielson, R. 1987. On the interface between current ecological studies and the paleobotany of pinyon-juniper woodlands. Pages 93-98 in Proceedings Pinyon-juniper Conf. USDAFS Gen Tech Rep INT215. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT..

Noy Meir, I. 1974. Desert Ecosystems: Higher trophic levels. Ann Rev Ecol and System 5:195-214.

Pase, C., and D. Brown. 1982. Interior Chaparral. Pages 95-99 in Biotic communities of the American Southwest-United States and Mexico. D. Brown (ed.), Desert Plants 4:14.

Price, K. 1993. Detection of soil erosion within Pinyon-juniper woodlands using Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Rem Sens in the Environ 45:233-248.

Samuels, M., and Betancourt, J. 1982. Modeling the longterm effects of fuelwood harvests on Pinyon-juniper woodlands. Envir Mgmt 6:505-515.

Schmutz, E, Michaels, C. and B. Ward. 1964. Boysag Point:A relict area on the north rim of the Grand Canyon. J Range Mgmt 17:363-369.

Springfield, H. 1976. Characteristics and management of pinyon-juniper ranges: the status of our knowledge. USDAFS Res Pap RM160. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Suter, G., II. 990. Endpoints for ecological risk assessment. Environ Mgmt 14:9-23.

Swenson, E. 1977 Pinyon-juniper wildlife habitats. Pages 22-24 in E. Aldon and T. Loring (tech. coords.) Ecology, uses, and management of Pinyon-juniper woodlands: Proc Workshop. USDA Forest Service. Gen Tech Rep RM39. Fort Collins, CO.

Swetnam, T. 1990. Fire history and climate in the Southwest. Page 617 in Effects of Fire Management of Southwestern Natural Resources. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM191. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

________ , Baisan, C., Caprio, A. and P. Brown. 1992. Fire history in a Mexican oak-pine woodland and adjacent conifer gallery forest in southeastern Arizona. Pages 165-175, Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands:Perspectives in the southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM218. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Tausch, R., West,N. and A. Nabi. 1981. Tree age and dominance patterns in Great Basin Pinyon-juniper woodlands. J Range Mgmt 34:259-264.

Taylor, G., Johnson, D. and C. Andersen. 1994. Air pollution and forest ecosystems:a regional to global perspective. Ecol Appl 4:662-689.

Thatcher, A. and V. Hart. 1974. Spy Mesa yields better understanding of Pinyon-juniper in range ecosystem. J Range Mgmt 27:354-357.

Tress, J., Jr. and J. Klopatek. 1987. The pinyon-juniper woodlands of northern Arizona: successional dynamics. Pages 80-85 in Proceedings Pinyon-juniper Conference. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep INT215. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

Turner, R. 1982. Great Basin Desert Scrub. Pages 145-155, in Biotic communities of the American Southwest-United States and Mexico. D. Brown (ed.), Desert Plants 4:14.

Van Devender, T.R. and W.G. Spaulding. 1979. Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern United States. Sci 6:240-244.

Vest, F. Peabody Coal Co., Personal Communication.

West, N.E. (ed.). 1983. Temperate deserts and semideserts. Elsevier Scientific Publishing. Amsterdam, NE.

________ 1984. Successional patterns and productivity potentials of pinyon-juniper ecosystems. Pages 1301-1332 in NRC/NAS. Developing strategies for rangeland management. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

________ 1990. Structure and function of microphytic soil crusts in wildland ecosystems of arid to semiarid regions. Adv in Ecol Res 20:179-223.

________ , Tausch, R. and A. Nabi. 1979. Patterns and rates of pinyon-juniper invasion and degree of suppression of understory vegetation in the Great Basin. USDA FS Range Improvement Notes. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

Wilkins, S.,and J. Klopatek. 1984. Revegetation with Atriplex species and moisture stress. Pages 97-107 in The biology of Atriplex and related Chenopods. USDA FS Wildland Shrub Symposium. Provo, UT.

Winner, W., and H. Mooney. 1980. Ecology of SO2 resistance III. Metabolic changes of C3 and C4 Atriplex species due to SO2 fumigations. Oecologia 46:49-54.

Wright, H., Neuenschwander, L. and C. Britton. 1979. The role and use of wildfire in sagebrush-grass and Pinyon-juniper plant communities:a state-of-the-art review. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep INT58. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

Yamamoto, T. 1982. A review of uranium spoil and mill tailings revegetation in the western United States. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM92. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Yorks, T., West, N. and K. Capels. 1994. Changes in Pinyon-juniper woodlands in western Utah's Pine Valley between 1933-1989. J Range Mgmt 47:359-364.

Hot Scrublands Ecosystems Section

Bahre, C. 1985. Wildfire in southeastern Arizona between 1859 and 1890. Desert Plants 7:190-194.

________ 1991. A Legacy of Change. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

________ and M. Shelton. 1993. Historic vegetation change, mesquite increases, and climate in southeastern Arizona. J. of Biogeog 20:209-224.

Brown, D. and C. Lowe. 1977. Biotic communities of the Southwest. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM41. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Cave, G. 1982. Ecological effects of fire in the upper Sonoran desert. MS Thesis, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

________ and D. Patten. 1984. Short-term vegetation responses to fire in the Upper Sonoran Desert. J Range Mgmt 37:491-496.

Clemensen, A. 1987. Cattle, copper, and cactus: The history of Saguaro National Monument. NPS, Service Center, Denver, CO.

Conrad, B. 1981. Community dynamics of old fields in the Sonoran desert. MS Thesis, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Estabrook, T. 1981. Vegetation disturbance in Phoenix South Mountain Park, Arizona. MS Thesis, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Gabriel, I., and D. Patten. 1990. Impact of industrial air pollutants on a semiarid ecosystem. International Conference on Metals in Soils, Water, Plants, and Animals. April, Orlando, FL.

________, and ________ 1994a. Distribution of copper smelter emissions in southeastern 72:67-87.

________ and ________ 1994b. Changes in the inorganic element concentration spectrum of mesquite foliage during operational and nonoperational periods of a copper smelter. Water, Air and Soil Poll 78:1-11.

Gehlbach, F. 1981. Mountain Islands and Desert Seas. A&M U Press, College Station, TX.

Goldberg, D. and R. Turner. 1986. Vegetation change and plant demography in permanent plots in the Sonoran Desert. Ecol 67:695-712.

Hastings, J. and R. Turner. 1965. The Changing Mile. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Humphrey, R. 1968. The Desert Grassland. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

________ 1974. Fire in the deserts and desert grassland areas of North America. Pages 365-401 in T. Kozlowski and C. Ahlgren (eds.), Fire and Ecosystems. Academic Press, New York, NY.

________ 1987. 90 Years and 535 Miles:Vegetation Changes along the Mexican Border. UNM Press, Albuquerque, NM.

Judd, B. 1971. The lethal decline of mesquite on the Casa Grande National Monument. Gr Basin Nat 31:153-159.

Karpiscak, M. 1980. Secondary succession of abandoned field vegetation in southern Arizona. PhD dissertation. UA, Tucson, AZ

Laney, R. 1976. Water level declines, land subsidence and earth fissures in south central Arizona. 20th Annual Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings. AZ Water Comm Rep 8: 30-39.

Loftin, S. 1987. Post-fire dynamics of a Sonoran desert ecosystem. MS Thesis, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Lowe, C. 1959. Contemporary biota of the Sonoran Desert:Problems. UA Arid lands Colloquia 1958:1-11;1959:54-74.

________ 1961. Biotic communities in the sub-Mogollon region of the inland Southwest. J AZ Acad Sci 2:40-49.

________ 1964. (ed.). Vertebrates of Arizona. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Martin, S. 1975. Ecology and management of southwestern semi-desert grass-shrub ranges: The status of our knowledge. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM156. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

________, and R. Turner. 1977. Vegetation change in the Sonoran Desert region, Arizona and Sonora. J AZ Acad Sci 12:59-69.

Martin, P. 1963. The last 10,000 years. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

May, S. 1976. The relationship of automobile traffic and the heavy metal contamination of roadside soils and vegetation. MS Thesis, ASU, Tempe, AZ.

McAuliffe, J. 1993. Case study of research, monitoring, and management programs associated with the Saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) and Saguaro National Monument, Arizona. Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Tech Report 93/01. UA, Tucson, AZ.

McLaughlin, S. and J. Bowers. 1982. Effects of wildfires on a Sonoran Desert plant community. Ecol 63:246-248.

Nicholson, L. 1978. The effects of roads on desert tortoise populations. Pages 127-129 in Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium.

Patten, D. and G. Cave. 1984. Fire temperatures and physical characteristics of a controlled burn in the Upper Sonoran Desert. J Range Mgmt 37:277-280.

Shreve, F. 1951. Vegetation of the Sonoran Desert. Carnegie Institute, Washington, D.C.

Simberloff, D. and L. Abele. 1982. Refuge design and island biogeographic theory: Effects of fragmentation. Amer Natur 120:41-50.

Suzan Azpiri, H. 1994. Ecological effects of exploitation on Olneya tesota (Gray) and associated species in the Sonoran Desert. PhD Dissertation. ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Wood, C.. and T. Nash III. 1976. Copper smelter effluent effects on some Sonoran Desert vegetation. Ecol 57:1311-1316.

Wright, H. A. 1980. The role and use of fire in the semi-desert grass-shrub type. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep INT85. Intermt Exp Sta, Ogden, UT.

Forests Ecosystems Section

Brown, D. and C. Lowe. 1977. Biotic communities of the Southwest. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM41. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Cooper, C. 1960. Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forests since white settlement. Ecol Monogr 30:129-164.

Covington, W. and M. Moore. 1994. Southwestern ponderosa forest structure and resource conditions: changes since Euro-American settlement. J Forestry 92:39-47.

________, Everett, R., Steele, R. et al. 1994. Historical and anticipated changes in forest ecosystems of the inland West of the United States. J Sustain Forest 2:13-63.

Franzreb, K. 1975. The effects of timber harvesting on an avian community in a mixed- coniferous forest, White Mountains, Arizona. Ph.D. dissertation. ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Jeffries, D. and J. Klopatek. 1987. Effects of grazing on the blackbrush association and soils. J Range Mgmt 40: 390-392.

Lowe, C. (ed.). 1964. Vertebrates of Arizona. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Merriam, C. 1884. The geographic distribution of animals and plants in North America. Pages 203-214 in USDA Yearbook. Gov Printing Off, Washington, DC.,

Martin, P. 1963. The last 10,000 years. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Miller, W., Brock, J. and R. Fink. 1993. Factors influencing elk-cattle interaction in central Arizona. Progress Report. AGFD, Phoenix, AZ.

Nash, T. III. 1976. Lichens as indicators of air pollution. Die Naturwissenshschaften 63:364- 367.

National Research Council (NRC). 1989. Biologic markers of air pollution stress and damage in forests. Nat Acad Press, Washington, DC.

Patten, D. and J. Stromberg. 1995 (in press). Dynamics of the landscape patches in the old growth forest on Mt. Graham (Pinalena Mountains), Arizona. In L. Debano, et al. (eds), Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep (in press). Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Pronos, J., Vogler, D. and R. Smith, Jr. 1978. An evaluation of ozone injury to pines in the southern Sierra Nevada. USDA FS Rep 781. Regi 5, San Franscisco, CA.

Stromberg, J. and D. Patten. 1993. Seed and cone production by Engelmann spruce in the Pinaleno Mountains, Arizona. J AZ-NV Acad Sci 27:79-88.

________ and ________ 1994 (in press). Islands within islands: vegetation dynamics of the spruce-fir forests of the Pinaleño Mountains. Part III, Chapter 1, in Istock, C. (ed.) Storm over a mountain island: conservation biology and the Mt. Graham affair. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Swetnam, T. 1990. Fire history and climate in the southwestern United States. Page 617 in Effects of fire management of southwestern natural resources. USDA FS Gen Tech Rep RM191. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Whittaker, R. and W. Niering. 1965. Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, AZ. Gradient analysis of the south slope. Ecol 46:429-452.

Wilcove, D., McLellan C. and A. Dobson. 1986. Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone. Pages 237-256 in M. Soulé (ed.) Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MD.

Williams, W. and J. Williams. 1986. Effects of oxidant air pollution on needle health and annual-ring width in a ponderosa pine forest. Environ. Cons. 13:229-234.

Grasslands Ecosystems Section

Anable, M., McClaran, M., and G. Ruyle. 1992. Spread of introduced Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Ness. in southern Arizona, USA. Biol Cons 61:181-188.

Bahre, C. 1987. Wild hay harvesting in southern Arizona: a casualty of the march of progress. J AZ Hist, Spring: 69-78.

________ 1991. A Legacy of Change: Historic Human Impact on Vegetation in the Arizona Borderlands. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

________ and C. Hutchinson. 1985. The impact of historic fuelwood cutting on the semi- desert woodlands of southeastern Arizona. J Forest Hist 29:175-186,

________ and J. Shelton. 1993 Historic vegetation change, mesquite increases, and climate in southeastern Arizona. J Biogeog 20:489-504.

Belsky, A. 1992. Effects of grazing, competition, disturbance and fire on species composition and diversity in grassland communities. J Veg Sci 3(2):187-200.

Blydenstein, J., Hungerford, C.R., Day, G.I., and R. Humphrey. 1957. Effect of domestic livestock exclusion on vegetation in the Sonoran Desert. Ecol 38:522-526.

Branscomb, B. 1958. Shrub invasion of a southern New Mexico desert grassland range. J Range Mgmt 11:129-132.

Brown, A. 1950. Shrub invasion of a southern Arizona desert grassland. J Range Mgmt 3:172-177.

Brown, D. 1982. Biotic Communities of the American Southwest-United States and Mexico. Desert Plants 4(14):13-42.

Brown, J. and S. Archer. 1989. Woody invasion of grasslands: establishment of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) on sites differing in herbaceous biomass and grazing history. Oecologia 80:19-25.

Buffington, L. and C. Herbel. 1965. Vegetational changes on a semi-desert grassland range from 1858-1963. Ecol. Monogr. 35:139-164.

Cable, D. 1967. Fire effects on semi-desert grasses and shrubs. J. Range Mgmt 20:170-176.

Cave, G. and D. Patten. 1984. Short-term responses to fire in the upper Sonoran Desert. J Range Mgmt 37:491-496.

Cook, C., and L. Stoddart. 1963. The effect of intensity and season of use on the vigor of desert range plants. J Range Mgmt 16:315-317.

Costello, D. and G. Turner. 1941. Vegetation changes following exclusion of livestock from grazed ranges. J. Forestry 39:310-315.

Cottam, W. and R. Evans. 1965. A comparative study of the vegetation of grazed and ungrazed canyons of the Wasatch Range, UT. Ecol 26:171-181.

________ and G. Stewart. 1940. Plant succession as a result of grazing and meadow desiccation since settlement in 1862. J Forestry 38:613-626.

Cox, J., De AlbaAvila, A., Rice, R., and J. Cox. 1993. Biological and physical factors influencing Acacia constricta and Prosopis velutina establishment in the Sonoran Desert. J Range Mgmt 46:43-46.

Daubenmire, R. 1968. Ecology of fire in grasslands. Adv in Ecol Res 5:209-266.

________ and W. Colwell. 1942. Some edaphic changes due to overgrazing in the Agropyron Poa prairie of southeastern Washington. Ecol 23:32-40.

Duce, J. 1918. The effect of cattle on the erosion of canyon bottoms. Sci 47:450-452.

Dunford, E. 1954. Surface runoff and erosion from pine grasslands of the Colorado Front Range. J Forestry 52:923-927.

Ellison, L. 1960. Influence of grazing on plant succession on rangelands. Bot Rev 26:1-78.

Finberg, K. 1994. Effects of a Wildfire on a Southern Arizona Grassland. MS Thesis. ASU, Tempe, AZ.

Gardner, J. 1950. Effects of thirty years of protection from grazing in desert grassland. Ecol 31:44-50.

Gifford, G. and R. Hawkings. 1978. Hydrologic impact of grazing on infiltration: a critical review. Water Resour Res 14:305-313.

Glendenning, G. and H. Paulson Jr., 1955. Reproduction and establishment of velvet mesquite as related to invasion of semidesert grasslands. USDA Tech Bull 1127.

Grover, H. and H. Musick. 1990. Shrubland encroachment in southern New Mexico, USA:An analysis of desertification processes in the American Southwest. Climat change 17:305-330.

Grunhage, L. 1993. Response of grassland ecosystems to air pollutants. Envir Poll 81:163- 171.

Hastings, J. and R. Turner. 1965. The Changing Mile. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Heil, G. and R. Bobbink. 1993. 'Calluna', a simulation model for evaluation of impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on dry heathlands. Ecol Model 68:161-182.

Hrabe, F. 1990 Trace elements in the grasslands of polluted areas. Ekologia CSSR 9:217- 232.

Humphrey, R. 1968. The desert grassland: a history of vegetational change and an analysis of causes. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

________ , and L. Mehrhoff. 1958. Vegetation changes on a southern Arizona grassland range. Ecol 39:720-726.

Johnson, A. 1962. Effects of grazing intensity and cover on the waterintake rate of fescue grassland. J Range Mgmt 15:79-82.

Klemnedson, J. 1956. Interrelations of vegetation, soils, and range conditions induced by grazing. J Range Mgmt 9:134-138.

Knipe, O. 1971. Watershed cover and forage utilization. Pages 16-24 in G. Lusby et al (eds.). Effects of grazing on the hydrology and biology of the Badger Wash basin in western Colorado. 1953-1966. USGS Water Sup Paper 1532D.

Lowe, C. 1964. Arizona's Natural Environment. UA Press, Tucson, AZ.

Lull, H. 1959. Soil compaction on forest and range lands. USDA FS Misc Publ 768.

Martin, S. 1975. Ecology and management of southwestern semidesert grassshrub ranges: the status of our knowledge. USDA FS Res Paper RM156. Rocky Mt Forest Range Exp Sta, Fort Collins, CO.

Martin, S.C. 1983. Response of semidesert grasses and shrubs to fall burning. J Range Mgmt 36:604-610.

McClaran, M. and M. Anable. 1992. Spread of introduced Lehmann lovegrass along a grazing intensity gradient. J Appl Ecol 29:92-98.

McPherson, G., Boutton, T., and A. Midwood. 1993. Stable carbon isotope analysis of soil organic matter illustrates vegetation change at the grassland/woodland boundary in southeastern Arizona, USA. Oecologia 93:95-101.

National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Nat Acad Press, Washington DC.

O'Connor, T. 1991. Local extinction in perennial grasslands:a life history approach. Amer Natur 137:753-771,

Sheridan, D. 1981. Desertification of the United States. Council on Environmental Quality. US Gov Print Off, Washington, DC.

Smith, S. 1992. Water quality characteristics associated with southern Great Plains grasslands. J Environ Qual 21:595-601.

Stebbins, R. 1974. Off Road Vehicles and the fragile desert. American Biology Teacher. 36:294304.

Thomas, P. and P. Goodson. 1992. Conservation of succulents in desert grasslands managed by fire. Biol Cons 60:91-100.

Tyser, R. and C. Worley. 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in Glacier National Park, Montana. Cons Bio 6:253-262.

Wilshire, H. and J. Nakata. 1976. Off Road Vehicle effects on California's Mojave Desert. CA Geol 29:123-132.

References for Chapter Three

Agricultural Ecosystems Section

Arizona Agricultural Statistics. 1994. Arizona Agricultural Statistics Service. UA Dept Ag Econ Bull S28. UA, Tucson, AZ.

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ). 1993a. Groundwater Protection in Arizona:An assessment of groundwater quality and the effectiveness of groundwater programs. Office of Water Quality, Groundwater Hydrology section. Phoenix, AZ.

________ 1992. Analysis for pesticide residues in soils west central Phoenix. ADEQ, Water Assessment section, Pesticides unit. Phoenix, AZ.

________ 1993b Facts about agricultural land application of sewage sludge. ADEQ, Phoenix, AZ.

Artiola, J. and I. Pepper. 1992. Long-term influence of liquid sewage sludge on the organic carbon and nitrogen content of a furrow-irrigated desert soil. Biol and Fertil Soils 14:30-36.

Bruck, R. 1990. Global climate change. Symposium proceedings, April 9. NC Ag Res Serv Bull 479. NC State U. Raleigh, NC.

Dubois, S., and B. Parks. 1981. Selected flood summaries and costs estimates in Arizona. Fieldnotes 11.1. Bur Geol Mineral Tech.

Engineering Science. 1987. Monterey wastewater reclamation study for agriculture. Rep prepared for Monterey Regional Water Control Agency. Monterey, CA.

Gates, D. 1993. Climate change and its biological consequences. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MD.

Gelt. J. 1993. Abandoned farmland often is troubled land in need of restoration. Arroyo 7.2. Water Resour Res Ctr. UA, Tucson, AZ.

Idso, S., and B. Kimball. 1992. Above-ground inventory of sour orange trees exposed to different carbon dioxide concentrations for three full years. Ag and Forest Meteorol 60: 145- 151.

Jackson, L. 1994. Ecosystem level consequences of farming and abandonment: A restoration strategy based on landscape processes. AGFD, Phoenix, AZ.

Kimball, B., and J. Mauney. 1993. Response of cotton to varying carbon dioxide, irrigation, and nitrogen:Yield and growth. Agron J 85: 706-712.

Lieuwen, A. 1990. Effluent use in the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. Issue Paper 7. Water Resour Res Ctr. UA, Tucson, AZ.

Marsh, D. 1994. Arizona Water Quality Assessment 1994. ADEQ EAR 943. Phoenix, AZ.

Mauney, J., Kimball, B. and P. Pinter. 1994. Growth and yield of cotton in response to a free- air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) environment. Ag and Forest Meteor 70: 40-67.

National Resources Inventory (NRI) Data. 1982. Arizona's Land and Water. USDA USSCS, Washington, DC.

National Resources Inventory (NRI) Data. 1987. Arizona's Land and Water. USDA USSCS, Washington, DC.

Pima County Department of Environmental Quality. 1994. 1993 Air quality in Tucson, AZ. AQ281. Tucson, AZ.

Sanchez, Dr. 1995. Yuma Agricultural Research Center. Personal communication, Yuma, AZ.

SCS Engineers. 1991. Background levels of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural areas surrounding metropolitan Phoenix. Phoenix, AZ.

UA College of Agriculture. 1986. Arizona agriculture: Now and a vision of the future. UA, Tucson, AZ.

UA Department of Arid Lands. 1991. Preserving Arizona's Environmental Heritage. UA,Tucson, AZ.

Water Resources Research Center. 1994. Arizona Water. Map. UA, Tucson, AZ.

Wilson, P. 1992. An economic assessment of Central Arizona Project agriculture: Prepared for Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR). Phoenix, AZ.